Complicaciones a corto plazo de los recién nacidos pretérmino tardíos / Short-term complications of late preterm infants

Introducción: Los recién nacidos pretérmino tardíos, entre las 34-36+6 semanas de edad gestacional son fisiológicamente más inmaduros que los recién nacidos a término y, por tanto, tienen mayor riesgo de morbi-mortalidad. Dado que los resultados de salud en la prematuridad pueden variar en función de factores locales nos hemos propuesto conocer en nuestro medio las complicaciones que presentan a corto plazo estos recién nacidos. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los recién nacidos ≥ 34 semanas de edad gestacional ingresados en el Hospital Virgen del Rocío desde Mayo de 2005 hasta diciembre de 2008. Dividimos la población en dos grupos: pretérmino tardío (34-36+6 semanas de edad gestacional, n = 769) y a término (37-41+6 semanas de edad gestacional, n = 1.460) comparando la mortalidad y la morbilidad a corto plazo entre los dos grupos. Resultados: La prematuridad tardía se asoció con la reproducción asistida, la gestación gemelar, la preclampsia materna y el parto por cesárea. El riesgo de ingreso hospitalario fueseis veces mayor en estos recién nacidos, siendo cerca de dos veces mayor la necesidad de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal. El tiempo de estancia hospitalaria fue el doble en este grupo. En cuanto a los motivos de ingresos, se evidenció una mayor incidencia de distrés respiratorio e ictericia. La necesidad de surfactante, oxigenoterapia y soporte respiratorio (presión positiva continua en la vía aérea y ventilación mecánica convencional) fue igualmente mayor. No hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en relación con la presencia de hipoglucemia que precisara ingreso ni en cuanto a la mortalidad neonatal. Conclusiones: Los recién nacidos pretérmino tardíos de nuestro medio representan un colectivo bien definido de riesgo de presentar complicaciones por lo que deben disponerse los recursos necesarios para su atención diferenciada (AU)

Introduction: Late preterm infants, born at 34-36+6 weeks gestation, are physiologically more immature than term infants. As a consequence, they have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Since health outcomes in prematurity may change depending on local factors we have proposed determine the short-term medical problems of these infants in our hospital. Patients and methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out on all newborn ≥ 34 weeks gestation admitted to Virgen del Rocio hospital from May 2005 to December 2008. We divided this cohort into late preterm (34-36+6 weeks, n = 769) and term (37-41+6 weeks, n = 1460) groups. We compared mortality and morbidity data between the 2 groups. Results: Late preterm group was associated with assisted reproduction, twin pregnancy, caesarean delivery and preeclampsia during pregnancy. The risk of hospitalization was six times greater in these infants and neonatal intensive care admissions were twice as common. The hospital stay was double in this group. Neonatal respiratory morbidity and jaundice were greater in the preterm group. The use of surfactant, oxygen and respiratory support (CPAP and CMV ) was also higher. There were no significant differences in hypoglycaemia and neonatal mortality between both groups. Conclusions: Late preterm infants represent a well-defined risk group for developing complications and should be available the necessary resources should be made available for their special care (AU)

[Short-term complications of late preterm infants]. / Complicaciones a corto plazo de los recién nacidos pretérmino tardíos.

INTRODUCTION: Late preterm infants, born at 34-36(+6) weeks gestation, are physiologically more immature than term infants. As a consequence, they have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Since health outcomes in prematurity may change depending on local factors we have proposed determine the short-term medical problems of these infants in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out on all newborn ≥ 34 weeks gestation admitted to Virgen del Rocio hospital from May 2005 to December 2008. We divided this cohort into late preterm (34-36(+6) weeks, n=769) and term (37-41(+6) weeks, n=1460) groups. We compared mortality and morbidity data between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Late preterm group was associated with assisted reproduction, twin pregnancy, caesarean delivery and preeclampsia during pregnancy. The risk of hospitalization was six times greater in these infants and neonatal intensive care admissions were twice as common. The hospital stay was double in this group. Neonatal respiratory morbidity and jaundice were greater in the preterm group. The use of surfactant, oxygen and respiratory support (CPAP and CMV) was also higher. There were no significant differences in hypoglycaemia and neonatal mortality between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Late preterm infants represent a well-defined risk group for developing complications and should be available the necessary resources should be made available for their special care.

Sepsis vertical por Gemella morbillorum / Vertical sepsis due to Gemella morbillrum

Introducción. La sepsis vertical neonatal es un proceso grave, con alta morbi-mortalidad, siendo importante la identificación del germen par aun correcto tratamiento. Caso clínico. Neonato que ingresa por bajo peso para edad gestacional. En los antecedentes obstétricos destacan amniorrexis mayor de 18 horas, oligoamnios y parto mediante cesárea. Durante las primeras 24 horas presenta repetidas hipoglucemias mala perfusión periférica y febrícula junto con leucopenia y trombopenia. Se instaura tratamiento empírico con ampicilina y gentamicina. El cultivo y citoquímica de LCR resultaron negativos. Tras aislar en el hemocultivo Gemella morbillorum, se decide cambiar la pauta antibiótica a vancomicina, manteniéndose durante 14 días. A la semana de vida y como secuela postinfeciosa, la paciente manifiesta leve ictericia mucocutánea secundaria a colestasis, con alteración de las enzimas hepáticas. Al alta presenta valores en descenso de la bilirrubina directa y hemocultivo negativo. Conclusiones. 1) Es importante el diagnóstico etiológico en la sepsis vertical, considerando la aparición de gérmenes poco habituales. 2) Gemella morbillorum no ha sido descrita hasta el momento como causa de sepsis vertical. 3) Ante la sospecha de sepsis vertical, se debe inicial tratamiento precoz parenteral previa extracción dehemocultivo (AU)

Introduction. The neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission is a serious process, with high morbi-mortality, being important the identification of the germ for a correct treatment. Clinical case. Newborn that enters for low weight for gestation age. In the obstetric precedents, stand out amniorhexis major of 18 hours, oligoamnios and childbirth by caesarean. During the first 24 hours she present repeated hypoglcemias, bad peripheral perfusion and febricula together with leucopoenia and thrombopenia. Empirical treatment is established with ampicillin and gentamicin. The culture and cytochemistry of cepahloraquideum liquid turned out to be negative. After isolating in the hemocultive Gemella morbillorum it is decided to change the antibiotic guideline to vancomycin being kept fo 14 days. To the week of life and as postinfectious sequel, the patient manifest slight mucocutaneus jaundice secondary to cholestasis, with alternation of the hepatic enzymes. To the discharge she presents values in decrease of the direct bilirubim and negative hemocultive. Conclusions. 1) It is important the etiologic diagnosis in the vertical sepsis, considering the appearance of slightly habitual germens. 2) Gemella morbillorum has not been described up to the moment as reason of vertical sepsis. 3)In view of the suspicion of vertical sepsis must begin early parenteral treatment after extraction of hemocultive (AU)

Trombosis neonatal de senos venosos cerebrales / Neonatal thrombosis of the cerebral venous sinuses

No disponible

[Respiratory care in neonatal intensive care units. Situation in the year 2005]. / Asistencia respiratoria en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales en España: situación en 2005.

AIM: To learn the characteristic of the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) that offer neonatal respiratory assistance in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A structured survey was developed and sent to all Spanish neonatal units to learn about the respiratory care offered in 2005. RESULTS: A total of 96 Units answered the survey, with an estimated representatively of 63%, with a range from 3 to 92%, depending on the geographical area. Level IIIc Units were in the upper range. Answer the survey 26 units type IIb (27%), 16 IIIa (17%), 40 IIIb (42%) and 14 IIIc (14%). The total number of level III NICU beds was 541 (1.2 beds per 1000 livebirths; range, 0.7-1.7). The mean number of beds per NICU was 4.1 in level IIIa Units, 2.8 in those IIIb and 14.6 in type IIIc NICUs. In level III NICUs, the bed per physician ratio was 2.4 and that of beds per registered nurse was 2.8 (2.2 in level IIIc NICUs). There were a total 13,219 admissions, 54% of those needed mechanical ventilation (36% in IIIa and 65% in level IIIc NICUs). Oxygen blenders for resuscitation at birth were available in 42% of level IIIb and IIIc NICUs. NICUs had one neonatal ventilator per bed, and 63% of units had high frequency ventilation available. All units had nasal-CPAP systems, 25% of level IIIa Units, 58% IIIb and 64% of those type IIIc had systems for nasal ventilation. All level IIIc and 93% of level IIIb NICUs were able to provide inhaled nitric oxygen therapy. Four NICUS offered ECMO. CONCLUSIONS: The mean number of NICU beds per 1000 livebirths is within the lower limits of those been recommended, and there were wide variations among different geographical areas. A 54% of those babies admitted to NICUs required mechanical ventilation. The mean number of NICU beds per registered nurse was 2.8. There was an adequate number of neonatal ventilators (one per bed) and 63% were able to provide HFV. All NICUs hand n-CPAP systems.

[Neonatal complications associated to HELLP syndrome]. / Complicaciones neonatales del síndrome HELLP.

INTRODUCTION: HELLP syndrome is a variant of pregnancy-induced hypertension that is associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to investigate the neonatal complications associated to this syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective observational study was carried out on all newborns of mothers with HELLP syndrome in Virgen del Rocio hospital from 1995 to 2005. There were 120 newborns of 99 mothers with HELLP syndrome. Gestational age, birth weight, length, skull perimeter, number of hospital admissions and mortality were analyzed. The birth weight, length and skull perimeter were compared with a healthy population of the same gestational age using Lubchenco charts. The statistical relationships were determined between the mothers' platelet counts and the birth weight and perinatal mortality. RESULTS: A total of 80% of pregnancies were preterm delivery with a mean gestational age of 33 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1,834g, length 41cm and skull perimeter 29cm. A third of newborns had fetal growth restriction. 61% of newborns needed admitting to hospital due to prematurity and low birth weight. There were 24 perinatal deaths. We did not find any correlation between the number of platelets of the mother and birth weight or perinatal mortality. CONCLUSIONS: HELLP syndrome is an uncommon but potentially serious complication of pregnancy which is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcome.

Asistencia respiratoria en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales en España: situación en 2005 / Respiratory care in neonatal intensive care units. Situation in the year 2005

Objetivo: conocer el tipo de unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN) que proporcionan asistencia respiratoria neonatal en España y sus características. Material y método: encuesta multicéntrica estructurada para conocer la actividad asistencial respiratoria prestada por las UCIN en 2005. Resultados: contestaron 96 unidades neonatales con una representatividad estimada en un 63%, con un intervalo entre el 3 y el 92%, según las áreas geográficas; las unidades IIIc se encuentran en el rango superior. Contestaron la encuesta 26 unidades tipo IIb (27%), 16 IIIa (17%), 40 IIIb (42%) y 14 IIIc (14%). Las camas totales de intensivos de nivel III fue de 541 (1,2 camas cada 1.000 recién nacidos vivos; intervalo, 0,7-1,7). La media de camas por unidad fue de 4,1 para las IIIa, 2,8 para las IIIb y 14,6 para las IIIc. En las unidades de nivel III, la relación camas/médicos fue de 2,4 camas/medico y la de camas/enfermeras 2,8 camas/enfermera (2,2 en nivel IIIc). Hubo un total de 13.219 ingresos, de los que el 54% precisó ventilación (el 36% en las IIIa y el 65% en las IIIc). La posibilidad de reanimación en el paritorio con mezcla de gases (aire y oxígeno) sólo la tiene el 42% de las IIIb y IIIc. La relación respirador/cama fue de 1/1; el 63% puede proporcionar ventilación de alta frecuencia (VAF). Todas disponen de sistemas de presión positiva continua nasal (CPAP-n). Sistemas para aplicar ventilación nasal intermitente están disponibles en el 25% de las IIIa, el 58% de las IIIb y el 64% de las IIIc. Todas las IIIc y el 93% de las IIIb pueden proporcionar oxido nítrico inhalado. Cuatro unidades disponían de ECMO. Conclusiones: la media de camas de UCIN de nivel III cada mil nacidos está en el límite bajo de lo recomendable, con notables diferencias regionales. La necesidad de ventilación mecánica fue del 54%. La relación de camas por enfermera fue de 2,8. Existe una buena dotación de respiradores (1 por cama) con alta disponibilidad de VAF (63%). Todas las unidades disponen de CPAP-n (AU)

Aim: To learn the characteristic of the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) that offer neonatal respiratory assistance in Spain. Material and method: A structured survey was developed and sent to all Spanish neonatal units to learn about the respiratory care offered in 2005. Results: A total of 96 Units answered the survey, with an estimated representatively of 63%, with a range from 3 to 92%, depending on the geographical area. Level IIIc Units were in the upper range. Answer the survey 26 units type IIb (27%), 16 IIIa (17%), 40 IIIb (42%) and 14 IIIc (14%). The total number of level III NICU beds was 541 (1.2 beds per 1000 livebirths; range, 0.7–1.7). The mean number of beds per NICU was 4.1 in level IIIa Units, 2.8 in those IIIb and 14.6 in type IIIc NICUs. In level III NICUs, the bed per physician ratio was 2.4 and that of beds per registered nurse was 2.8 (2.2 in level IIIc NICUs). There were a total 13,219 admissions, 54% of those needed mechanical ventilation (36% in IIIa and 65% in level IIIc NICUs). Oxygen blenders for resuscitation at birth were available in 42% of level IIIb and IIIc NICUs. NICUs had one neonatal ventilator per bed, and 63% of units had high frequency ventilation available. All units had nasal-CPAP systems, 25% of level IIIa Units, 58% IIIb and 64% of those type IIIc had systems for nasal ventilation. All level IIIc and 93% of level IIIb NICUs were able to provide inhaled nitric oxygen therapy. Four NICUS offered ECMO. Conclusions: The mean number of NICU beds per 1000 livebirths is within the lower limits of those been recommended, and there were wide variations among different geographical areas. A 54% of those babies admitted to NICUs required mechanical ventilation. The mean number of NICU beds per registered nurse was 2.8. There was an adequate number of neonatal ventilators (one per bed) and 63% were able to provide HFV. All NICUs hand n-CPAP systems (AU)

Complicaciones neonatales del síndrome HELLP / Neonatal complications associated to HELLP syndrome

Introducción: el síndrome HELLP es un trastorno hipertensivo de la gestación que se asocia a un incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad materna y perinatal. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es conocer las complicaciones neonatales de este síndrome. Pacientes y método: estudio retrospectivo observacional de los recién nacidos de madres con síndrome HELLP asistidas en el Hospital Virgen del Rocío entre 1995 y 2005. Se estudió a 120 recién nacidos de 99 madres con síndrome HELLP. Se analizaron la edad gestacional, el peso, la longitud, el perímetro craneal, el porcentaje de ingreso y la mortalidad. El peso, la longitud y el perímetro craneal se compararon con los de una población sana de la misma edad gestacional utilizando las gráficas de Lubchenco. Se determinó si había asociación estadística entre el número de plaquetas de la madre y el peso y la mortalidad perinatal. Resultados: el 80% de los partos fueron prematuros, con una media de 33±4 (intervalo intercuartílico, 24-41) semanas de gestación. El peso medio de los recién nacidos fue de 1.834±810 g; la longitud media, 41±6cm y el perímetro craneal, 29±3cm. Un tercio de los neonatos presentaban retraso del crecimiento intrauterino. El 61% de los pacientes precisó ingreso hospitalario, y los motivos más frecuentes fueron la prematuridad y el bajo peso al nacer. Hubo 24 muertes perinatales. En nuestra muestra no se evidenció correlación significativa entre el número de plaquetas de la madre y el peso o la mortalidad del recién nacido. Conclusiones: este síndrome es una complicación rara pero potencialmente grave del embarazo que conlleva un riesgo de problemas maternos y fetales aumentado (AU)

Introduction: HELLP syndrome is a variant of pregnancy-induced hypertension that is associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to investigate the neonatal complications associated to this syndrome. Patients and method: A retrospective observational study was carried out on all newborns of mothers with HELLP syndrome in Virgen del Rocio hospital from 1995 to 2005. There were 120 newborns of 99 mothers with HELLP syndrome. Gestational age, birth weight, length, skull perimeter, number of hospital admissions and mortality were analyzed. The birth weight, length and skull perimeter were compared with a healthy population of the same gestational age using Lubchenco charts. The statistical relationships were determined between the mothers’ platelet counts and the birth weight and perinatal mortality. Results: A total of 80% of pregnancies were preterm delivery with a mean gestational age of 33 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1,834g, length 41cm and skull perimeter 29cm. A third of newborns had fetal growth restriction. 61% of newborns needed admitting to hospital due to prematurity and low birth weight. There were 24 perinatal deaths. We did not find any correlation between the number of platelets of the mother and birth weight or perinatal mortality. Conclusions: HELLP syndrome is an uncommon but potentially serious complication of pregnancy which is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcome (AU)

[Value of autopsy in a neonatal intensive care unit]. / Valor de la autopsia en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatológicos.

OBJECTIVES: 1) To identify the profile of the cases requested for autopsy; 2) to analyze the clinocopathological discordance; 3) to investigate predictive factors for unsuspected clinically relevant diagnoses. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All autopsies performed between January 1999 and December 2005 in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological concordance was assessed independently by two neonatologists and two pathologists, according to a modification of the Goldman classification. A comparison was made between newborns who had an autopsy performed and those who did not and predictive factors for unsuspected findings were investigated. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 309 deaths, and autopsies were performed in 128 (41.4 %) of these cases. Autopsies were more common in newborns who had gestational age > 36 weeks (p < 0.001), birthweight > 1500 g (p < 0.001) and congenital defects (p < 0.007). However, the probability that the autopsy was granted decreased with increasing death age (p < 0.016). Unsuspected diagnoses were observed in 49.2 % of the autopsies, being a major finding in 21.1 % of the cases. A clinicopathological discordance involving the prognosis was found in four cases (3.1 %). Relevant unsuspected findings could not be predicted from the ante-mortem clinical diagnosis, gestational age, birthweight, sex, and death age. CONCLUSION: The autopsy remains the "gold standard" method to reveal major and unsuspected diagnoses and there is no substitute for it. Postmortem examination should be requested systematically in every neonatal death. However, several factors such as gestational age, birthweight, presence of congenital defects and death age, influence the likelihood of autopsy being granted.

Valor de la autopsia en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatológicos / Value of autopsy in a neonatal intensive care unit

Objetivos: Conocer el perfil de los casos sometidos a autopsia, analizar la discrepancia clinicopatológica e investigar los factores predictivos de un rendimiento alto. Pacientes y método: Se estudiaron retrospectivamente todas las autopsias practicadas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatológicos de tercer nivel entre enero de 1999 y diciembre de 2005. De manera independiente, dos patólogos y dos neonatólogos establecieron la concordancia clinicopatológica según la clasificación de Goldman modificada. Se compararon los neonatos sometidos a autopsia con los que no lo fueron, y se investigaron los factores predictivos de hallazgos insospechados. Resultados: Se practicaron 128 autopsias (41,4 %) en 309 fallecimientos ocurridos durante el período de estudio. Las necropsias se realizaron con más frecuencia en los recién nacidos mayores de 36 semanas de edad gestacional (p < 0,001), peso superior a 1.500 g (p < 0,001) y con malformación (p < 0,007). Sin embargo, la probabilidad de que se concediera la autopsia decreció cuanto mayor era la edad del paciente fallecido (p < 0,016). Se observaron diagnósticos insospechados en el 49,2 % de las necropsias, siendo relevantes en el 21,1 %. En 4 casos (3,1 %) existió una discrepancia clinicopatológica con implicaciones en el pronóstico. No fue posible predecir los hallazgos insospechados relevantes en función del diagnóstico clínico ante mortem, la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer, el sexo y la edad en el momento del fallecimiento. Conclusión: La autopsia continúa siendo el método de referencia e insustituible para demostrar diagnósticos insospechados y relevantes. La necropsia debe solicitarse de manera sistemática ante toda muerte neonatal. Sin embargo, factores como la edad gestacional, el peso de nacimiento, la presencia de malformaciones y la edad de fallecimiento influyen en la probabilidad de ser concedida

Objectives: 1) To identify the profile of the cases requested for autopsy; 2) to analyze the clinocopathological discordance; 3) to investigate predictive factors for unsuspected clinically relevant diagnoses. Patients and method: All autopsies performed between January 1999 and December 2005 in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological concordance was assessed independently by two neonatologists and two pathologists, according to a modification of the Goldman classification. A comparison was made between newborns who had an autopsy performed and those who did not and predictive factors for unsuspected findings were investigated. Results: During the study period, there were 309 deaths, and autopsies were performed in 128 (41.4 %) of these cases. Autopsies were more common in newborns who had gestational age > 36 weeks (p < 0.001), birthweight > 1500 g (p < 0.001) and congenital defects (p < 0.007). However, the probability that the autopsy was granted decreased with increasing death age (p < 0.016). Unsuspected diagnoses were observed in 49.2 % of the autopsies, being a major finding in 21.1 % of the cases. A clinicopathological discordance involving the prognosis was found in four cases (3.1 %). Relevant unsuspected findings could not be predicted from the ante-mortem clinical diagnosis, gestational age, birthweight, sex, and death age. Conclusion: The autopsy remains the "gold standard" method to reveal major and unsuspected diagnoses and there is no substitute for it. Postmortem examination should be requested systematically in every neonatal death. However, several factors such as gestational age, birthweight, presence of congenital defects and death age, influence the likelihood of autopsy being granted

[Review of standards and recommendations for the design of a neonatology unit]. / Revisión de los estándares y recomendaciones para el diseño de una unidad de neonatología.

Standards for the design of a neonatology unit are reviewed. The process should begin with a planning team to outline the desired objectives to be achieved, followed by the intervention of a team of architects. Medical considerations, standards and recommendations, as well as architectural considerations (adequate privacy and intimacy, need for social support and communication, flexibility and accessibility) should be taken into account. From the architectural point of view, the greatest problem is the space available; furthermore, if the aim is to personalize the unit for the newborn and family, the need for space will be even greater. The following aspects should be analyzed and integrated into the design of the unit: standards and recommendations regarding space, the site of the unit, area of direct neonatal care, electrical installation, equipment, lighting and noise levels, nursing staff, communication systems, maintenance and refurbishment.

Revisión de los estándares y recomendaciones para el diseño de una unidad de neonatología / Review of standards and recommendations for the design of a neonatology unit

Se revisan los estándares para el diseño de una unidad de neonatología. El proceso debe iniciarse con un equipo de planificación que debe indicar los objetivos que se desean conseguir, para que posteriormente intervenga el equipo de arquitectos. Se deben tener en cuenta las aportaciones médicas, los estándares y recomendaciones, y las aportaciones arquitectónicas (adecuada privacidad e intimidad, necesidad de apoyo social y comunicación, flexibilidad y accesibilidad). Desde el punto de vista arquitectónico, el mayor problema es el del espacio disponible, y debemos tener en cuenta que si queremos personalizar el entorno del cuidado para el recién nacido y su familia e introducir los cuidados centrados en la familia, las necesidades de espacio serán aún mayores. Se analizan los estándares y recomendaciones relativos al espacio, ubicación de la unidad, área de atención directa al neonato, instalación eléctrica, iluminación y nivel de ruido, equipamiento, personal de enfermería, sistemas de comunicaciones, mantenimiento y renovación

Standards for the design of a neonatology unit are reviewed. The process should begin with a planning team to outline the desired objectives to be achieved, followed by the intervention of a team of architects. Medical considerations, standards and recommendations, as well as architectural considerations (adequate privacy and intimacy, need for social support and communication, flexibility and accessibility) should be taken into account. From the architectural point of view, the greatest problem is the space available; furthermore, if the aim is to personalize the unit for the newborn and family, the need for space will be even greater. The following aspects should be analyzed and integrated into the design of the unit: standards and recommendations regarding space, the site of the unit, area of direct neonatal care, electrical installation, equipment, lighting and noise levels, nursing staff, communication systems, maintenance and refurbishment

Hematoma escrotal unilateral / Unilateral scrotal hematoma

No disponible